![]() Club cells’ increased MMR capacity efficiently removes the virus-induced oxidative DNA damage, thus allowing the transcriptional activation of antiviral genes, which probably aids in viral eradication and cell survival. Interestingly, although IAV infection typically decreases cells’ MMR capacity, a subset of respiratory epithelial cells, named club cells, are remarkably capable of maintaining high levels of MMR activity. In addition to the IAV-induced death of infected cells, immune cells can effectively recognize and clear infected cells from the host, thus resulting in viral clearance from the host. Previous studies have shown that IAV infection leads to the death of infected cells through various cell death pathways, such as necrosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, thus promoting effective virus clearance. ![]() For example, Chambers and colleagues reported that the MMR pathway, a critical component of the DDR network, is required for the cellular anti-influenza A virus (IAV) response and controls the cellular fate following viral infection. ĭuring the past few years, a wealth of information has been accumulated, shedding light on interactions between viral infections and the activation of DDR-related pathways. Literature suggests that any system (hematologic, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary, endocrinologic, neurologic, ophthalmologic, dermatologic system) can be affected and the main components of SARS-CoV-2 ability to provoke multiple organ injury are (i) direct virus-induced cytotoxicity in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expressing cells, (ii) dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system resulting from virus-mediated ACE2 downregulation related to virus entry, (iii) immune dysregulation, (iv) endothelial cell injury and thrombo-inflammation, and (v) tissue fibrosis. Although SARS-CoV-2 predominantly causes pulmonary disease, a wide spectrum of extra-pulmonary clinical manifestations has been also observed. While upper respiratory symptoms are the most common acute manifestations encountered in the majority of patients, many of them develop interstitial pneumonia that may progress to respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring mechanical ventilation and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). COVID-19 is characterized by an unpredictable and extremely variable disease course ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe illness that can lead even to death. Unlike other coronaviruses that led to large-scale outbreaks (e.g., the SARS-CoV epidemic occurred in 2002, later eradicated the MERS epidemic: firstly, reported in 2012, still ongoing), COVID-19 has shaped the human history of the 21st century and continues to pose unprecedented challenges for healthcare systems and socioeconomic structures globally. Being highly transmissible, the disease was rapidly spread worldwide and a few months later, in March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global pandemic. ![]() Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus that emerged in the city of Wuhan, China at the end of 2019.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |